List of Strategies & Action plans

The Automated Vehicles Comprehensive Plan (Comprehensive Plan) advances the United States Department of Transportation’s (U.S. DOT) work to prioritize safety while preparing for the future of transportation. Building upon the principles stated in Ensuring American Leadership in Automated Vehicle Technologies: Automated Vehicles 4.0 (AV 4.0), the
plan defines three goals to achieve this vision for Automated Driving Systems (ADS):

1. Promote Collaboration and Transparency – U.S. DOT will promote access to clear and reliable information to its partners and stakeholders, including the public, regarding the capabilities and limitations of ADS.
2. Modernize the Regulatory Environment – U.S. DOT will modernize regulations to remove unintended and unnecessary barriers to innovative vehicle designs, features, and operational models, and will develop safetyfocused frameworks and tools to assess the safe performance of ADS technologies.
3. Prepare the Transportation System – U.S. DOT will conduct, in partnership with stakeholders, the foundational research and demonstration activities needed to safely evaluate and integrate ADS, while working to improve the safety, efficiency, and accessibility of the transportation system.

Each goal includes a discussion of key objectives, as well as associated illustrative actions the Department is undertaking to address priorities while preparing for the future. These actions include an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Framework for Automated Driving System Safety,1 which will create a safety framework for defining, assessing, and
providing for the safety of ADS, while allowing safety innovations and novel designs to be introduced into commerce more efficiently. The plan also includes a set of real-world examples that relate the U.S. DOT’s framework for ADS integration to emerging technology applications. The Department will periodically review its activities and plans to reflect new technology and industry developments, eliminate unnecessary or redundant initiatives, and align investments with emerging focus areas.
The Comprehensive Plan was informed by extensive stakeholder engagement and the ongoing efforts of U.S. DOT’s operating administrations and the Office of the Secretary of Transportation to understand and respond to the opportunities and challenges presented by ADS. It is intended to reflect the Department’s fundamental focus on safety,
transportation system efficiency, and mobility for people and goods.
The U.S. DOT developed the Comprehensive Plan document to help stakeholders understand ADS activities across the Department and in response to recommendations from the Government Accountability Office (GAO) and Congress.

Luxembourg has adopted an ambitious national strategy for automated and connected driving, with the clear ambition of becoming the first European country to enable its deployment across the entire territory by 2028. This vision is part of a broader transformation agenda focused on innovation,
sustainability, and competitiveness.

Through this strategy, Luxembourg aims to position itself as a leading European competence centre, leveraging its strengths: an advanced digital ecosystem, an agile governance, a strong capacity for experimentation and a culture of crosssectoral cooperation. The goal is clear: to position automated
driving as a catalyst for economic diversification, the creation of skilled jobs, and an improved quality of life.

The goal is clear: to position automated driving as a catalyst for economic diversification, the creation of skilled jobs, and an improved quality of life.

The strategy is built around six strategic pillars, aligned with the “Accelerating Digital Sovereignty 2030” initiative: governance and regulation, skills and talent, infrastructure and ecosystems, research and innovation, support services, and international cooperation. Its implementation is overseen by a dedicated interministerial committee, ensuring a transversal, coherent, and participatory approach.

Five priority use cases have been identified for a gradual and
controlled rollout:

1. Motorway chauffeur, for safer and potentially smoother
   driving on major roads.
2. Robotaxis, offering on-demand, driverless transport
   services.
3. Last-mile automated shuttles, integrated into public
   transport networks.
4. Valet parking and restricted-access sites, automating
   manoeuvres in controlled environments.
5. Automated logistics, addressing freight transport
   challenges.
   

The strategy also places strong emphasis on skills development, supporting the training of technical, scientific, and operational profiles, and fostering synergies between public research, industry, and innovative start-ups. Dedicated programmes, living labs, and test environments will accelerate innovation and validate technologies from restricted sites to real-world conditions.

Connectivity, data management, cybersecurity, and artificial intelligence have been identified as key technological pillars. Luxembourg is committed to ensuring a clear, adaptive, and secure regulatory framework, while safeguarding personal data and digital trust.

Finally, the strategy fully integrates societal and environmental dimensions. It aims to enhance road safety, promote inclusive and shared mobility, and mitigate rebound effects, including those related to energy consumption. Social acceptance is central to the approach, with awareness campaigns, dialogue, and co-creation initiatives engaging all stakeholders.

This strategy serves as a comprehensive and structured roadmap, inviting every reader to explore the thematic chapters to better understand the challenges, opportunities, and concrete actions shaping the future of automated mobility in Luxembourg.

The Automated Mobility Monitoring Report 2025 provides a comprehensive overview of key developments, projects, and policy initiatives related to automated mobility in Austria and across Europe. It highlights the work of the Automated Mobility Contact Point, the growing importance of end-to-end AI, large-scale testing environments, and the ongoing evolution of regulatory frameworks. National platforms such as SAAM Austria strengthen collaboration among research, industry, and public authorities while advancing strategic foundations including position papers and roadmaps.

Austria’s testing environments – particularly ALP.Lab and Digitrans – continued to expand their activities with new test vehicles, innovative monitoring systems, safety assessment procedures, and practical deployment scenarios. Numerous R&D projects, such as AURORA, auto.GigaApp, CCAM_ArtLand and RIAMO, address crucial topics including zero‑emission logistics, 5G‑based remote supervision, artificial landmarks, and on-demand mobility in rural regions.

At the European level, events like the EUCAD Conference and research initiatives such as FAME, AITHENA, Diversify‑CCAM, and MetaCCAZE provide essential impulses for harmonized evaluation methods, trustworthy AI, and inclusive and sustainable mobility solutions. International insights—particularly from Japan—illustrate how automation can be strategically deployed to respond to demographic, infrastructural, and societal challenges.

The report underscores that automated mobility is shifting from experimentation toward gradual regular operation. Achieving this transition in the coming years will require clear governance structures, coordinated strategies, robust safety validation, and the active involvement of cities, regions, and the public.

Mobility is a fundamental and essential component of our social and economic life. Ensuring mobility is therefore a crucial task for local authorities. The implementation of autonomous and connected driving (ACD) in public transportation and its integration into local public transport (ÖPNV) opens up new opportunities for community-oriented and sustainable mobility.

Developing an early strategic approach to ACD in cities and municipalities, gathering local operational knowledge and experience, and building a local network will strengthen future planning and implementation capabilities. The new possibilities offered by automation and connectivity aim to help solve the communal mobility challenge more effectively and sustainably.

The Autonomous Mobility Plan (hereafter referred to as the “Plan”) builds on the strategic document titled “Autonomous Mobility Development Vision” and primarily addresses autonomous mobility in road transport and automated road vehicles. In a broader sense, autonomous mobility may also embrace various modes of transport, including rail, air, and water vehicles and equipment. While the measures relating to road transport may reach into other areas, this document does not aspire to become a comprehensive concept for the development of automation in other transport modalities. Autonomous mobility in other transport modes, i.e. railway, air and possibly inland waterway transport, will be addressed by a subsequent update of this Plan or in other strategic materials produced on the governmental level.

The present Code regulates the testing of automated vehicles in a real world environment in Belgium. In concrete terms, tests of this nature may take place on condition that the vehicle is used in accordance with the road traffic legislation and providing a test driver is present, or, in certain specific cases, minimally a test operator, who takes responsibility for the safe operation of the vehicle.

It is up to the manufacturer or the testing organisation to ensure that innovative technologies for automated or fully automated vehicles are developed and tested thoroughly before being brought onto the market. Much of this development can be done in test laboratories or on dedicated test tracks and proving grounds. However, to ensure that these technologies are capable of ‘safe behaviour’ in the various situations that may present themselves, they will need to be subjected to controlled testing in a ‘real world environment’ also. Thus, the testing of new automated vehicle technologies on public roads or in other public places should be facilitated whilst care must be taken that these tests are designed and conducted in order to minimise potential risk.

This Code of Practice has been published to help manufacturers and/or testing organisations intending to test these technologies in real conditions. This Code of Practice provides clear guidelines and recommendations to maintain safety during this testing phase.

The present Code of Practice does not contain any actual rules of law but has been developed to promote responsible planning and carrying out of tests. Testing organisations shall use this Code in conjunction with detailed knowledge of the statutory, regulatory and technological framework.

Early deployments of autonomous vehicles are already on the roads. However, it is becoming apparent that large-scale rollout will be slower than once anticipated. While previous and even some current forecasts state that autonomous vehicles will be widely adopted during the 2020s, the analyses of this white paper suggest mainstream deployment will be slower than that given the many challenges and inherent technological, regulatory and economic complexities.
Despite this, the rationale for AV adoption remains compelling, driven by substantial potential benefits including enhanced safety, improved efficiency and lower costs. This white paper provides a refined forecast for deployment and identifies key remaining gaps and actions for accelerating that deployment
safely. It explores three main use cases: personal vehicles, robotaxis and autonomous trucks. The key
insights on each of these are as follows:

• While personal vehicles will progressively transition toward higher levels of automation, L2 and L2+ systems will dominate this use case for the next decade due to their cost-effectiveness and regulatory readiness. L3 adoption will remain limited due to safety risks, liability concerns and high costs, and L4 deployment will be niche during this timeframe: only around 4% of new personal cars sold by 2035 are expected to feature L4 capabilities. China is forecast to adopt L2+ and L3/L4 vehicles most quickly, driven by strong consumer demand, a regulatory push and an ecosystem that encourages innovation. (See Box 1 for an explanation of the levels of automation.)
• Robotaxis have already demonstrated technological feasibility, with large-scale deployments running in selected US and Chinese cities. However, the high costs of software development, infrastructure set-up and scaling continue to slow deployment. By 2035, robotaxis are likely to be present in large numbers across 40 to 80 cities globally, mostly in China and the United States. Until at least 2030, Europe is expected to remain cautious about the rollout of robotaxis. Europe is likely to prioritiz small, controlled pilots and focus on integrating roboshuttles with public transport systems instead. Large-scale robotaxi (and roboshuttle) deployments will lead to modal shifts, affecting not only taxi and traditional ride-hailing but also personal car and public transport use.
• Autonomous trucking presents a strong case for autonomy. Compared to traditional trucking, it introduces a new value proposition that goes beyond advantages in efficiency and total cost of ownership. Several companies have started commercial operations, and 2025 is expected to be an important year for autonomous trucking deployments. Among the different use-cases, hub-to-hub trucking has the most promise for automation. The United States is expected to lead adoption for this use case: it is projected that autonomous trucks will account for up to 30% of new truck sales in the US by 2035. In Europe, international borders pose challenges for long-haul applications, and China’s weaker cost benefits may limit deployment unless policy interventions accelerate progress.

The forecasts in this white paper aim to account for expected developments. However, technological breakthroughs, such as the successful deployment of map-free and visiononly L3/L4 systems, or massive additional funding injections could significantly accelerate adoption beyond these projections.
To further speed up the deployment of vehicle autonomy, the industry needs to keep working on five different fronts. First, bring the public on board by communicating consistent messages and building consumer trust. Second, continue leveraging advances in technology, including AI and cybersecurity breakthroughs, to tackle the current shortcoming surrounding safety, usability and scalability. Third, develop sustainable business models that foster long-term viability. Fourth, co-create regulations to help policymakers better understand the progress and readiness of vehicle automation technology. And, finally, collaborate within and across industries to better facilitate large-scale deployments.

To further speed up the deployment of vehicle autonomy, the industry needs to keep working on five different fronts. First, bring the public on board by communicating consistent messages and building consumer trust. Second, continue leveraging advances in technology, including AI and cybersecurity breakthroughs, to tackle the current shortcoming surrounding safety, usability and scalability. Third, develop sustainable business models that foster long-term viability. Fourth, co-create regulations to help policymakers better understand the progress and readiness of vehicle automation technology. And, finally, collaborate within and across industries to better facilitate large-scale deployments.

The CCAM Partnership Vision is to ensure European leadership in safe and sustainable road transport through automation. With full integration of CCAM in the transport system, the CCAM Partnership shall contribute to achieving the expected positive impacts for society (safety, environment, inclusiveness), economy (European competitiveness) and science.

For this vision and expected impacts, a multitude of complex challenges need to be addressed and solved at societal, human, technical, regulatory, economic and operational level.

The Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA) for CCAM is the multiannual roadmap linking the vision of the Partnership to a portfolio of R&I actions needed to deliver the Partnership’s objectives and achieve the expected impacts. The CCAM SRIA is the basis for CCAM call topics for R&i activities under the Horizon Europe Work Programmes.

Even though the SRIA is covering the full duration of the Partnership, it is updated during the lifetime of the Partnership to reflect any major technological advancement, new emerging challenges, or evolving societal needs.

In the CCAM SRIA updated in 2023, a new sub-chapter titled “Other recent developments” has been introduced to account for ongoing changes in the field, and encompassing diverse elements impacting the CCAM Partnership’s trajectory:

• Evolving societal dynamics
• Shifting work and mobility patterns
• Environmental and equitable mobility focus
• CCAM technologies progress
• Enabling technologies and data sharing updates
• Hurdles and learning opportunities
• Synergies and sustainable transitions