Glossary

Last modified on 24 June, 2026

Interested in how terms are related or do you wish to export a list based on certain contexts? Please take a look at the taxonomy for CCAM here.

Term	Definition
Abstract scenario	Abstract scenario is the formalized, declarative description derived from a functional scenario.
Acceleration value	Acceleration value measures the rate at which a vehicle’s velocity increases at a specific point in time, expressed as the rate of change of velocity per unit of time.
Accessibility impact area	The accessibility impact area addresses the impacts of CCAM on the potential of population groups to reach destinations and services at different times of day, and the potential of businesses, facilities and other activity centres to receive people and goods.
Accident Emergency Call System	Accident Emergency Call System Device means a system device that at least generates a communication toward emergency services if a vehicle suffers a serious road accident and provides two-way voice communication and has the ability to provide the vehicle location.
Acquired data	Acquired data are all data collected during the study for the sole purpose of the analysis.
Action	Action is the behaviour or act that is executed by any actor in a scenario.
Active safety system	Active safety systems are vehicle systems that sense and monitor conditions inside and outside the vehicle for the purpose of identifying perceived present and potential dangers to the vehicle, occupants, and/or other road users.
Actor	Actor is the entity with the capability to act and react in a scenario.
Adaptive cruise control	Adaptive cruise control is a system that attempts to maintain the vehicle at a driver-selected target speed and following distance, using sensors and actuators to regulate vehicle speed.
Administrative metadata	Administrative metadata set the conditions for accessing the data and how access is to be implemented.
ADS feature	Automated Driving System (ADS) feature means an application of Automated Driving System hardware and software designed for a specific use within an operational design domain (ODD).
ADS function	Automated Driving System (ADS) function means an application of Automated Driving System hardware and software designed to perform a specific portion of the DDT.
ADS-dedicated vehicle	ADS-dedicated vehicle is the ADS-equipped vehicle designed for only driverless operation for complete trips.
ADS-equipped vehicle	ADS-equipped vehicle refers to vehicle integrated with an ADS.
Advance Driver Distraction Warning	The Advanced Driver Distraction Warning is a system that helps the driver to continue paying attention to the traffic situation and warns the driver when he or she is distracted.
Advanced driver assistance system	Advanced driver assistance system is the entity consisting of interdependent components that supports human drivers by performing a part of the Dynamic Driving Task, by assisting human drivers to drive safely, by intervening to prevent an unsafe situation from developing or by providing safety relevant information and warnings.
Advanced emergency braking system	Advanced emergency braking system is the vehicle system that uses sensors and computer processing to detect when the ego vehicle could collide with an object in its path and applies the brakes automatically attempting to mitigate or avoid the collision, even if the driver takes no action.
Aggregated data	Aggregated data refers to using relations between segments, reduced data (e.g., segment attributes) are typically aggregated into smaller, more usable tables, suitable for data analysis or data interpretation.
Agreement-seeking cooperation	Agreement-seeking cooperation [among CDA device agents] (CLASS C) refers to a sequence of collaborative messages among specific CDA devices intended to influence local planning of specific DDT-related actions. (“Let’s do this together.”)
Applied framework	Applied framework is a representation of the actual interconnection of (simulation) models to derive from specific input to the models, an output that fulfils the objective(s) of the safety assessment.
Approaching vehicle	Approaching vehicle is an equipped vehicle whose trajectory will or may intersect the host vehicle as the host vehicle maintains its own trajectory.
Artificial Intelligence	Artificial Intelligence refers to the research and development of mechanisms and applications of AI systems.
Artificial intelligence agent	Artificial intelligence agent is the automated entity that senses and responds to its environment and takes actions to achieve its goals.
Artificial intelligence component	Artificial intelligence component is the functional element that constructs an AI system.
Artificial intelligence system	Artificial intelligence system is the engineered system that generates outputs such as content, forecasts, recommendations or decisions for a given set of human-defined objectives.
Assessment	Assessment is the undertaking of an investigation in order to arrive at a judgement, based on evidence, of the suitability of a product.
Audit	Audit refers to a systematic and independent examination to determine whether the procedures specific to the requirements of a product comply with the planned arrangements, are implemented effectively and are suitable to achieve the specified objectives.
Automated Driving System	Automated Driving System refers to hardware and software that are collectively capable of performing the entire Dynamic Driving Task (DDT) on a sustained basis in a specific operational design domain (ODD). ADS is used specifically to describe a Level 3, 4, or 5 driving automation system.
Automated lane keeping system	Automated lane keeping system is hardware and software for motorway application activated by a human driver within its operational design domain.
Automated mobility	Automated mobility refers to replacing the driver in a vehicle for Dynamic Driving Tasks (braking, steering, environment monitoring, etc).
Automated Valet Parking	Automated valet parking is a functionality, which manoeuvers vehicles automatically in parking areas to their designated parking lot.
Automated vehicle	Automated vehicle refers to a vehicle fitted with an Automated Driving System (ADS) that uses both hardware and software to perform Dynamic Driving Tasks associated with moving the vehicle within a defined operational design domain (ODD).
Automated-automation-automatic	Automated-automation-automatic refers to pertaining to a process or system that, under specified conditions, functions without human intervention.
Automatically Commanded Steering Function	Automatically commanded steering function means the function within a complex electronic control system where actuation of the steering system can result from automatic evaluation of signals initiated on-board the vehicle, possibly in conjunction with passive infrastructure features, to generate continuous control action in order to assist the driver.
Autonomous Steering System	Autonomous Steering System means a system that incorporates a function within a complex electronic control system that causes the vehicle to follow a defined path or to alter its path in response to signals initiated and transmitted from off-board the vehicle. The driver will not necessarily be in primary control of the vehicle.
Autonomy-autonomous	Autonomy-autonomous refers to characteristic of a system that is capable of modifying its intended domain of use or goal without external intervention, control or oversight.
Back office	A back office is an infrastructure element that consumes data from, or provides data to, the roadside Infrastructure or other devices capable of V2X communications (e.g., vehicles).
Baseline	Baseline is the initial state or condition, against which subsequent altered conditions are compared to assess impact.
Baseline	Baseline is a set of data without the road safety measure under study, to be compared to a set of data with the safety measure in prospective assessments of a safety measure’s performance.
Baseline approach	Baseline approach is a method to set up a baseline for the prospective traffic safety assessment by simulation. Note: Three main baseline approaches are distinguished: A) Simulation of original cases w/o. modification B) Simulation of original cases with modification C) Simulation of synthetically generated cases. Further subclassifications to describe the approaches in more detail.
Behaviour-related crash-causation models	Behaviour-related crash-causation model is a model that includes any type of behavioural mechanism that leads to a crash; the model is designed to create crashes (or conflicts) at run-time.
Bicyclist	Bicyclist is the person who rides a bicycle: a two-wheeled vehicle that is propelled solely or mainly by the muscular energy of the person on that vehicle, in particular by means of pedals.
Bikesharing service	Bikesharing service is the shared vehicle service that shares bicycles.
Black box	Black box refers to a system, algorithm, or process whose internal workings are hidden or not transparent to the user or observer, in the context of data and technology. This lack of transparency means that you may not have insight into how the system processes data or makes decisions, making it difficult to understand or interpret its actions.
Blind Spot Information System	Blind Spot Information System means a system to inform the driver of a possible collision with another road user.
Brake Assist System	Brake Assist System means a function of the braking system that deduces an emergency braking event from a characteristic of the driver’s brake demand.
Bus	Bus is the motor vehicle which, because of its design and appointments, is intended for carrying persons and luggage, and which has more than nine seating places, including the driving seat.
Business-to-consumer mobility sharing app	Business-to-consumer mobility sharing app is the mobility app that assists a transport user in acquiring a transport service from a specific business.
Calibration data	Calibration data refers to the data that will be applied as software parameter values after the software build in the development process. Calibration data does not contain executable or interpretable code.
Carriageway	Carriageway is the contiguous area of roadway along a road segment.
Carsharing service	Carsharing service is the shared vehicle service that shares passenger cars.
Case	A case is equivalent to a concrete scenario
CCAM system description	CCAM system description is the specification of the characteristics, capabilities, functionalities, and limitations of the system or service under evaluation.
CDA cooperation classes	CDA cooperation classes refer to classes of cooperation facilitated by machine to machine communications among CDA devices that may influence DDT performance and traffic operations, defined as Classes A through D based on the increasing amount of cooperation entailed in each successive class.
CDA device	CDA device refers to a device equipped with requisite machine to machine communication technology that is used by traffic participants to perform CDA features.
CDA device agent	CDA device agent is a traffic particpant that authorizes its CDA device to send and receive communications enabling traffic participants to engage in CDA, and authorizes CDA-related actions.
CDA driver support feature	CDA driver support feature refers to a Level 1 or 2 driving automation system capable of utilizing CDA. (Refer to SAE J3016 for additional information about driving automation systems.)
CDA feature	CDA feature is the design-specific functionality supported or enabled by machine to machine cooperation among CDA devices communicating with a C-ADS engaging in CDA.
Certificate authority	Certificate authority is a back office infrastructure element which interacts with the host vehicle and the RSU to enter into a dialog with the host vehicle and provide certification services. A primary goal of the CA is to manage the collection of certificates for V2X devices.
Cloudiness value	Cloudiness value refers to the sky being covered with clouds or having a lot of clouds.
Concrete scenario	Concrete scenario is the scenario depicted with explicit parameters values, describing physical attributes.
Confined areas	Confined areas typically have the surrounding under control with perimeter protection and gates to prevent un-authorized entry of vehicles and people.
Conflict	A conflict is a situation involving two road users which would have led to an accident if both road users had continued with the same speed and in the same direction.
Connected Automated Vehicle	Connected Automated Vehicle (CAV) refers to an automated vehicle equipped with communications technology that enables data transfer with other vehicles, infrastructure or other networks.
Connected cooperative and automated mobility	Connected cooperative and automated mobility is an umbrella term of intelligent mobility, Intelligent Transport Systems and Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems.
Connected mobility	Connected mobility refers to a service provider using telecommunication services (mostly driven by cllular technologies, cloud service provision and web applications today) to bring information inside the vehicle, or collecting vehicle data information to support mobility services (including services such shared driving, mobility as a service, insurance, remote diagnostics, charging stations).
Connected vehicle	Connected vehicle refers to vehicle equipped with wireless communications technology that enables data transfer with other vehicles, infrastructure or other network.
Connectivity	Connectivity indicates the ability of a vehicle to receive data from and/or transmit data to an external system to determine positioning or to communicate with other vehicles and the wider infrastructure.
Contextual data	Contextual data is all information which doesn’t change during the study but helps explain the observations or document their values.
Control strategy	Control strategy means a strategy to ensure robust and safe operation of the ADS in response to a specific set of ambient and/or operating conditions (such as road surface condition, other road users, adverse weather conditions, imminent collision risk, failures, reaching ODD boundaries, etc.). This may include temporary performance restrictions (e.g. a reduction in the maximum operating speed, etc.), MRM manoeuvres, collision avoidance or mitigation, remote intervention, etc.
Controllability	Controllability refers to ability to avoid a specified harm or damage through the timely reactions of the persons involved, possibly with support from external measures.
Conventional vehicle	Conventional vehicle is a vehicle designed to be operated by an in-vehicle driver during part or all of every trip.
Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control	Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) system is an enhancement to the Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system by the addition of wireless communication with preceding vehicles and/or the infrastructure to augment the ACC active sensing capability.
Cooperative Automated Driving System	Cooperative Automated Driving System (C-ADS) refers to an ADS capable of utilizing CDA.
Cooperative Automated Driving System-equipped vehicle	Cooperative Automated Driving System (C-ADS)-equipped vehicle refers to a vehicle equipped with Level 3, 4, or 5 driving automation and capable of utilizing CDA.
Cooperative driving automation	Cooperative driving automation refers to automation that uses machine to machine communication to enable cooperation among two or more entities with capable communications technology and is intended to facilitate the safer, more efficient movement of road users, including enhacing performance of the DDT for a vehicle with driving automation feature(s) engaged.
Cooperative intelligent transport system	Cooperative intelligent transport system is the subset of overall ITS that communicates and shares information between ITS stations to give advice or facilitate actions with the objective of improving safety, sustainability, efficiency and comfort beyond the scope of stand-alone systems.
Cooperative mobility	Cooperative mobility is sharing information on the road and traffic conditions around the road users (today mostly driven by Day 1 C-ITS services based on short-range communication). It does not necessarily include a service provider.
Cooperative-ITS environment	Cooperative-ITS environment is the communications environment that enables ITS stations to communicate with other ITS stations using whatever communications networks are available at their current locations and if ncessary to seemlessly switch between networks as their locations change.
Corrective Directional Control Function	Corrective directional control function means a control function within an electronic control system whereby, for a limited duration, changes to the steering angle of one or more wheels and/or braking of individual wheels may result from the automatic evaluation of signals initiated on-board the vehicle optionally enriched by data provided off-board the vehicle, in order to correct lane departure, e.g. to avoid crossing lane markings, leaving the road.
Corrective steering function	Corrective steering function means the discontinuous control function within a complex electronic control system whereby, for a limited duration, changes to the steering angle of one or more wheels may result from the automatic evaluation of signals initiated onboard the vehicle, in order to maintain the basic desired path of the vehicle or to influence the vehicle’s dynamic behaviour. Systems that do not themselves positively actuate the steering system but that, possibly in conjunction with passive infrastructure features, simply warn the driver of a deviation from the ideal path of the vehicle, or of an unseen hazard, by means of a tactile warning transmitted through the steering control, are also considered to be corrective steering.
Cost benefit analysis	Cost benefit analysis is a decision supporting method for evaluating, comparing and prioritizing different investment options, based on their consequences from the perspective of an analysing planner. Note: In the context of V4SAFETY, decisions consist of introducing a road safety measure as compared to a baseline scenario without the measure. The costs / benefits for society are measured and compared in (discounted) monetary units. A road safety measure is advantageous if the benefits, in terms of reduced accident costs, outweigh the costs of implementing the measure
Courier network service	Courier network service is the commercial, peer-to-peer shared transport service that transports goods.
Crash avoidance features	Crash avoidance features is, including intervention-type active safety systems, may be included in vehicles equipped with driving automation systems at any level. For ADS-equipped vehicles (i.e., Levels 3 to 5) that perform the complete DDT, crash avoidance capability is part of ADS functionality.
Critical event	Critical event is any traffic conflict situation that includes at least one road user and a kinematically imminent collision, so that an evasive manoeuvre exceeding everyday driving behaviour is required by at least one road user to avoid the collision.
Critical event response models	Critical event response models is a model that describes a road user’s responses to the unfolding of a critical event.
Current operational domain	Current operational domain is the specific set of operating conditions which exists presently in the immediate vicinity of an ADS, including, but not limited to, environmental, geographical, and time-of-day restrictions, and/or the requisite presence or absence of certain traffic or roadway characteristics.
Curvature	Curvature refers to the degree to which a curve deviates from a straight line, or a curved surface deviates from a plane.
Curve	The curve which consists of a single arc of a circle of which two straight tangents further connects and brings about a deflection of the road.
C-V2X	C-V2X is a communication technology with and between vehicles, infrastructure and/or pedestrian devices using 4G and 5G cellular chipsets.
Cyber security	Cyber security means the condition in which road vehicles and their functions are protected from cyber threats to electrical or electronic components.
Cyber Security Management system	Cyber Security Management System means a systematic risk-based approach defining organisational processes, responsibilities and governance to treat risk associated with cyber threats to vehicles and protect them from cyberattacks.
Data	Data is defined as ‘any facts, statistics or digital material whose value might be used during analysis and impact its result’.
Data anonymization	Data anonymization refers to the process of removing or modifying the identifying variables contained in the dataset.
Data collection	Data collection is the gathering of real-world or simulated, objective or subjective data and/or information for the evaluation.
Data collection tools	Data collection tools refer to devices and programs used for data collection.
Data consumer	Data consumer refers to a participant that receives data in the form of a Data Product. The data is used for query, analysis, reporting or any other data processing.
Data creator	The Data creator creates data, e.g. by generating data such as from a sensor or accessing data in backend IT systems.
Data flow	Data flow is the representation of data flowing between two processes or between a process and a terminator.
Data intermediary	Data Intermediary is a platform operator that assumes mainly the data-related basic roles Data Provider/Data Consumer and Metadata Broker.
Data Management system	Data Management System means a systematic approach defining organizational processes, responsibilities, and governance to collect, process, and secure vehicles data to ensure its integrity, availability, and confidentiality, and to comply with relevant data protection regulations.
Data owners	Data owners are the people ultimately responsible for the data and information collected and maintained by his or her department or division. They are usually a member of senior management, and can also be line-of-business managers, division heads, or the equivalent. If the data resides and is primarily in use within their group, they own it. The aim is for data owners to provide an additional layer of context for classification, such as third-party agreements, which some of today’s automated tools can’t do yet.
Data processing tools	Data processing tools refer to a chain of scripts or programs used to process the data.
Data provider	Data provider refers to an individual, a household, enterprise, administration or any other respondent which directly or indirectly provides statistical data and/or reference metadata to the statistical authorities.
Data service provider	Data service providers act as intermediaries between businesses and consumers, providing a range of services to facilitate the transfer of data between these two parties.
Data specification & tools	Data specification and tools is a step in the evaluation process that is the defining and identifying of the types of data required and the tools used for processing and storing the data for the evaluation.
Data user	Data user refers to a natural or legal person/organisation who has lawful access to certain personal or non-personal data and is authorised to use that data for commercial or noncommercial purposes.
DCAS feature	Driver Control Assistance Systems (DCAS) feature means a specific DCAS capability providing assistance to the driver in defined traffic scenarios, circumstances and system boundaries
DDT fallback-ready user	DDT fallback-ready user refers to the user of a vehicle equipped with an engaged Level 3 ADS feature who is properly qualified and able to operate the vehicle and is receptive to ADS-issued requests to intervene and to evident DDT performance-relevant system failures in the vehicle compelling him or her to perform the DDT fallback.
DDT performance-relevant system failure	DDT performance-relevant system failure is the malfunction in a vehicle system that prevents the driving automation system from reliably performing its portion of the DDT on a sustained basis.
Deceleration value	Deceleration value measures the rate at which a vehicle’s velocity decreases at a specific point in time, expressed as the rate of change of velocity per unit of time.
Dedicated short range communication	Dedicated short range communication is one or two-way short to medium range wireless communications using a corresponding set of protocols and standards designed for automotive use.
Demonstration	Demonstration refers to an act of showing or explaining how something works or is done, e.g. of automated vehicles.
Derived data	Derived data are data created as a result of processing that involves steps other than or in addition to direct retrieval and validation of information from raw data.
Descriptive metadata	Descriptive metadata describe each individual category of data, including information about its origin and quality.
Digital shadow	A digital shadow is a data-driven, one-way digital representation of the real system (vehicle, infrastructure, or fleet). It is built from live and historical data streams (e.g., telematics, V2X messages, infrastructure sensors) to reflect the current or past state of the physical world. The key point is that it is observational rather than interactive: data flows from physical to digital, enabling monitoring, logging, analytics, and situation awareness, but it does not inherently provide closed-loop feedback or control actions back to the vehicle or infrastructure.
Digital twin	A digital twin is a continuously updated digital representation of a physical asset that mirrors its real-world configuration and state using live and historical data. For a vehicle, this typically means a per-vehicle model of its E/E architecture (ECUs), software/firmware versions, calibration and configuration data, and selected operational signals, enabling remote diagnostics, OTA update compatibility checks, cybersecurity monitoring, and predictive maintenance. A digital twin is a key enabling technology that provides a virtual representation of physical objects and processes, continuously updated with real-time data throughout the entire product lifecycle.
Discount rate	Discount rate is a rate used to quantify the fact that costs and benefits are valued lower if they occur further in the future. The annual discount rate is used to calculate the present value of future costs and benefits using the following formula: Present_Value = Future_Value/(1+Discount_Rate)^Number_Years
Distance to stop line	Distance to stop line is the distance from the vehicle’s front to the next stop line in the vehicle’s planned path applying comfort deceleration and jerk values).
Distance to subject vehicle	Distance to subject vehicle refers to the distance from an object to the vehicle being analysed or tested (ego-vehicle).
Down Time	Down Time is the time interval during which a product is in a down state.
Drivable area edge	The drivable area edge is delimited by the lane markings, shoulder or other barriers placed on the road.
Drivable area surface	Drivable area surface defines the operating area surface type and its features.
Driver	Driver is a user who performs in real time part or all of the DDT and/or DDT fallback for a particular vehicle.
Driver Availability Recognition System	The Driver Availability Recognition System is a mandatory system within a (Level 3) vehicle that operates to ensure a human driver is capable of taking back control of the driving task (Transition Demand).
Driver Control Assistance Systems	Driver Control Assistance System means the hardware and software collectively capable of assisting a driver in controlling the longitudinal and lateral motion of the vehicle on a sustained basis.
Driver disengagement	Driver disengagement means the system’s determination of the driver’s current inability to safely execute perception, planning, or decision-making and to intervene in the operation of DCAS.
Driver Drowsiness and Attention Warning System	Driver Drowsiness and Attention Warning (DDAW) system means a system that assesses the driver’s alertness and warns the driver via the vehicle’s Human-Machine Interface when they are assessed to be a drowsy driver/drowsy.
Driver support feature	Driver support features is a general term for Level 1 and Level 2 driving automation system features.
Driverless operation dispatcher	Driverless operation dispatcher is a user(s) who dispatches an ADS-equipped vehicle(s) in driverless operation.
Driving automation	Driving automation is the performance by hardware/software systems of part or all of the DDT on a sustained basis.
Driving automation fallback	Driving automation fallback is the driving automation response by a person to perform the DDT or by an ADS to achieve a minimal risk condition when the response is triggered upon violation of the defined operational design domain (ODD) constraints or in response to a DDT performance-relevant driving automation system failure.
Driving automation system	Driving automation system refers to the hardware and software that are collectively capable of performing part or all of the Dynamic Driving Task on a sustained basis.
Driving automation system feature	Driving automation system feature is a Level 1-5 driving automation system’s design-specific functionality at a given level of driving automation within a particular ODD, if applicable.
Driving behaviour impact area	The driving behaviour impact area addresses the driving dynamics of single vehicles with and without CCAM system by examining their longitudinal and lateral movements and their interaction with the environment and other road users.
Driving dynamics	Driving dynamics describes the longitudinal and lateral movements of a single vehicle. It results from decisions made by the driver of the ADS in interaction with vehicle, environment and surrounding road users.
Driving scenario	Driving scenarios depict short, specific periods of driving defined by primary driving tasks (e.g. car following, lane change) or triggered by specific events (e.g. an obstacle in the lane)
Driving space	Driving space is the area above the roadway that is primarily designed for the movement of vehicles.
Dual-mode vehicle	Dual-mode vehicles refer to fully automated vehicles with a driver seat designed and constructed:
Dynamic Driving Task	The Dynamic Driving Task (DDT) means all of the real-time operational and tactical functions required to operate a vehicle in on-road traffic, excluding strategic functions such as trip scheduling and selection of destinations and waypoints.
Dynamic Driving Task fallback	Dynamic Driving Task (DDT) fallback is the response by the user to either perform the DDT or achieve a minimal risk condition after occurrence of a DDT performance-relevant system failure(s), or Some Level 3 features upon operational design domain (ODD) exit, or the response by an ADS to achieve minimal risk condition, given the same circumstances.
Dynamic Driving Task performance	Dynamic Driving Task (DDT) performance refers to the feature performs the complete DDT while functioning normally and within its ODD, if any, under routine/normal operating conditions for the ADS feature.
Dynamic element	Dynamic element refers to all movable objects and actors with which the automated vehicle interacts in the ODD within the DDT timeframe.
Economic activity and employment impact area	The economic activity and employment impact area addresses implications of the CCAM on economic development and labour dynamics by examining its influence on overall economic vitality, on the evolution of businesses and the job market, and on skill requirements of the workforce.
Electronic stability control	Electronic stability control is the vehicle system that continuously monitors steering and vehicle direction and compares intended direction to the vehicle’s actual direction and intervenes by applying the brakes independently to each of the wheels to correct loss of control much faster than a typical human driver.
Emergency lane keeping system	An emergency lane keeping system is a system that attempts to prevent the vehicle from crossing a lane marking into a lane where there is an obstruction or risk of collision, irrespective of whether the human driver has operated the direction indicator.
Emergency manoeuver	Emergency manoeuver is a manoeuver performed by the system in case of an event in which the vehicle is at imminent collision risk and has the purpose of avoiding or mitigating a collision.(UN Reg 157 at 2.8)
Emergency operation	Emergency operation means the ADS operation due to the occurrence of events requiring prompt action to mitigate adverse consequences on human health or property damage.
Employment	Employment is the work that is available in a country or area.
Enabling CDA feature	Enabling CDA feature is a CDA feature capable of promoting cooperation among traffic participants intended to facilitate the performance of actions by road users and road operators that they would otherwise not be able to perform.
Energy and environment impact area	The energy and environment impact area addresses the impacts of CCAM on energy use and on emissions of vehicles, air quality, and noise pollution.
Entity	Entity is the element of interest in a scenario.
Environment	Environment is defined by the indicators: emissions, energy use, air soil, water quality, noise, vibrations, use of space and life cycle analysis of materials use.
Environmental condition	Environmental condition is the weather or another atmospheric condition and other conditions of the environment which are not defined as scenery elements (as well as information technology connectivity).
Equality	Equality means each individual or group of people is given the same resources and opportunities, regardless of their circumstances.
Equipped vehicle	Equipped vehicles refer to vehicles equipped with the device(s) that provide the role of an ITS-station in the C-ITS context, e.g., an OBU.
Equity impact area	The equity impact area addresses the fairness, impartiality, and inclusivity of the CCAM by examining how impacts are distributed across different population groups, regions, or generations.
Evaluation	Evaluation is the systematic process to research the amount, value, quality, or consequences of an aspect related to a CCAM system and its use.
Evaluation area	Evaluation area is a high-level category for topics addressed under evaluation activities.
Evaluation execution	Evaluation execution is the process of carrying out the evaluation plan to obtain results.
Evaluation methods	Evaluation methods specify analytical and procedural approaches of the evaluation.
Evaluation plan	Evaluation plan is a document that defines the evaluation scope and objectives and specifies how the study will answer its research questions, including the selected methods, data specification, and experimental design, so that the evaluation is feasible and produces reliable results.
Event	Event is the relevant state change of an entity within a scenario.
Event	Event is a state change at a certain point in time.
Event Data Recorder	Event data recorder means a system with the only purpose of recording and storing critical crash-related parameters and information shortly before, during and immediately after a collision.
Everyday traffic-interaction models	Everyday traffic-interaction models is a model that includes the behaviour of a road-user in uncritical traffic situations, including interaction with the infrastructure.
Experimental design	Experimental design is the structured plan or strategy deviced to conduct systematic experiments for the evaluation.
Experimental procedure	Experimental procedure is the step by step implementation plan for conducting an experiment according to the experimental design.
Exposure	Exposure is the occurrence of any factor or event, limited in time and space, that has the potential of generating an accident by bringing road users close to each other in time or space or by requiring a road user to take action to avoid leaving the roadway.
External data	External data reveals to data which originate from sources external to the CCAM project.
Extrapolation of a Measure’s Performance over Space (abbr. Performance Extrapolation)	Extrapolation of a Measure’s Performance over Space is any technique aimed at inferring the performance of a target measure in a region, based on data and/or performances of a set of measures (which may include the target measure) originating from a subset area of this region or from another region (or subset area). Linear extrapolations (also known as “scaling-up” techniques), often using simplified hypotheses, are a subset of these techniques
Extrapolation of Data over Space (abbr. Data Extrapolation)	Any technique aimed at inferring the state of target data (e.g., network length, annual distances travelled) in a region, based on the state of a set of data (which may include the target data) from a subset area of this region or from another region (or subset area).
Failure	Failure means the termination of an intended behaviour of a component or a system of the ADS due to a fault manifestation. Termination can be permanent or transient.
Failure cause	Failure cause is the circumstances during design, manufacture or use which have led to a failure.
Fault	Fault means an abnormal condition that can cause a failure. This can concern hardware or software.
Fault mode	Fault mode is one of the possible states of a faulty product for a given required function.
Field experiment	A field experiment is a series of test runs or drives in real-world environment, either on real roads or on test tracks to collect data in relation to a research question.
Field operational tests	Field operational tests are large-scale testing programmes aiming at a comprehensive assessment of the efficiency, quality, robustness and acceptance of ICT solutions used for smarter, safer and cleaner and more comfortable transport solutions, such as navigation and traffic information, advanced driver assistance – and cooperative systems.
Filtering	Filtering is the selection of datapoints based on defined criteria.
Fleet vehicle	Fleet vehicle is an equipped vehicle which is part of a collection of vehicles owned or operated by a common entity, public or private.
Forward collision warning	Forward collision warning is the vehicle system that uses sensors and computer processing to detect when the vehicle might collide with an object in its path and provides warnings for the human driver to prompt avoiding action.
Free-floating	Free-floating is the transport service network model where the transport service may be initiated and terminated at any location meeting basic criteria.
Frequency	Frequency is the pace of data logging per time unit.
Full-trip feature	Full-trip feature refers to ADS features that operate a vehicle throughout complete trips.
Function	Function is the functional view series of actions or activities performed by a given object to achieve a goal.
Functional safety	Absence of unreasonable risk due to hazards caused by malfunctioning behaviour of E/E systems.
Functional scenario	Functional scenario is the scenario described in natural language on a conceptional level, in general without specific physical values.
Future traffic event	Future traffic event is a significant change in traffic patterns, used means of transport, societal behaviour, or mobility infrastructure, driven by (emerging) trends, technologies, regulation changes or external events, which might occur at some point in the future.
Future traffic scenario	Future traffic scenario is a new scenario, or narrative, that might appear as a consequence of a specific future traffic event.
Harm	Harm is physical injury or damage to the health of persons.
Hazard	Hazard is potential source of harm caused by malfunctioning behaviour of the item.
Hazard analysis and risk assessment	Hazard analysis and risk assessment is method to identify and categorize hazardous events of items and to specify safety goals and ASILs related to the prevention or mitigation of the associated hazards in order to avoid unreasonable risk.
Hazardous event	Hazardous event is the combination of a hazard (caused by malfunctioning behaviour of an item with respect to its design intent) and a specific operational situation.
Hazard-warning Signal	Hazard-warning signal means the simultaneous operation of all of a vehicle’s direction indicator lamps to draw attention to the fact that the vehicle temporarily constitutes a special danger to other road-users.
Human-machine interaction	Human-machine interaction refers to the two-way communication between a person and a system including the possible effects on the human performance.
Human-machine interface	Human-machine interface is human-machine interaction mechanism, including the set of inputs, outputs, and dialogue procedures.
Illumination	Illumination or lighting is the deliberate use of light to achieve practical or aesthetic effects. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight.
Impact area	An impact area is defined as a field of study addressed under impact assessment activities.
Impact assessment	Impact assessment is the evaluation addressing the broader implications of the CCAM systems and their use on people and society.
Indicator	Indicator is a measure or metric used to assess an aspect in the current condition.
Information	Information refers to processed, organized or structured data, or data that has been given a semantic load, or a value under a certain business domain.
Infrastructure support levels for automated driving	Infrastructure support levels for automated driving are five infrastructure (ISAD) classes designed based on multiple potential dimensions.
In-service monitoring	In-service monitoring means data collected by the manufacturer and data from other sources, to get evidence on the in-service safety performance of the ADS in the field.
In-service reporting	In-service reporting means data reported by the manufacturer to demonstrate evidence on the in-service safety performance of the ADS in the field.
Intelligent speed assistance	Intelligent speed assistance is a driver assistance system uses a speed sign-recognition video camera and/or GPS-linked speed limit data to advise drivers of the current speed limit and automatically limit the speed of the vehicle as needed.
Intelligent transport system	Intelligent transport system is the transport systems in which advanced information, communication, sensor and control technologies, including the internet, are applied to increase safety, sustainability, efficiency and comfort.
Intent-sharing cooperation	Intent-sharing cooperation (CLASS B) refers to information about planned future actions of the sending entity provided by that entity for potential utilization by receiving entities. (“This is what I plan to do.”)
Interoperability	Interoperability is the ability to share information among heterogeneous applications and systems.
Intersection	Intersection is a junction where two or more roads converge, diverge, meet or cross at the same height.
In-vehicle driver	In-vehicle driver is the driver that performs the Dynamic Driving Task using the vehicle’s built-in input devices to control the longitudinal and lateral movement of the vehicle.
In-vehicle fallback-ready user	In-vehicle fallback-ready user is a fallback-ready user of a conventional vehicle with an engaged Level 3 ADS feature who is seated in the driver’s seat.
ITS application	ITS application is the instantiation of an ITS service that involves an association of two or more complementary ITS-S application processes.
ITS component	ITS component is the physical object that has been assigned one or more functional objects in the provision of one or more ITS services.
ITS service	ITS service is the functionality provided to users of intelligent transport systems designed to increase safety, sustainability, efficiency, and/or comfort.
ITS station	ITS station is the entity in a communication network capable of communicating with other similar entities.
ITS-G5 802.11p	ITS-G5 is the communications standard for supporting vehicle-to- vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications in an ad hoc network based on IEEE 802.11-2012 and ANSI/IEEE Std 802.2.
Junction	Junctions are areas on the map where two or more roads meet, and it is the intersection that allows travellers to change roads.
Justice	Justice is long-term equity.
Key performance indicator	Key Performance Indicators are critical Performance Indicators that reflect the most significant outcomes related to the primary objectives of the study.
Land use impact area	The land use impact area addresses the spatial and functional implications of CCAM by examining its effects on land utilisation patterns, including infrastructure development.
Lane	Lane is the portion of road reservation intended to accommodate a single line of moving material entities along its length. Example: traffic lane, cycle lane, and sidewalk.
Lane centering	Lane centring is the vehicle system that uses cameras or other inputs and systematic controls to help the vehicle stay in the centre of the driven lane.
Lane count	Lane count refers to the number of lanes of the road.
Lane departure warning	Lane departure warning is vehicle system that uses cameras or other inputs to detect impending lane exceedances by the vehicle and provide visual, auditory or haptic feedback to the human driver.
Lane keeping assist	Lane keeping assistance is vehicle system that uses cameras or other inputs and systematic controls to direct the vehicle away from the edges of the driven lane.
Lane marking	A mark or patten of marks delimiting the lanes of the road. They also determine the direction and crossing restrictions.
Lane width	The width of the road from the marked centerline to the edge marking if present or the edge of the road surfacing material.
Large scale demonstrations	Large scale demonstrations refer to real life tests of novel solutions to actual ‘problem’ driven by strong partnership and strategic use of resources.
Level 0	Level 0 refers to the level of automation when there is no driving automation.
Level 1	Level 1 refers to the level of automation with driver assistance.
Level 2	Level 2 refers to the level of automation with partial driving automation.
Level 3	Level 3 refers to the level of automation with conditional driving automation.
Level 4	Level 4 refers to the level of automation with high driving automation.
Level 5	Level 5 refers to the level of automation with full driving automation.
Lifecycle of the ADS	Lifecycle of the ADS means the period of time that consists of the design, development, production, field operation, service and decommissioning phases.
Lifetime of the ADS	Lifetime of the ADS means the period of time during which the ADS system is available on the vehicle.
Light Signalling Device	Light signalling device means a device designed to emit a light signal to other road users. Rear registration plate lamp and retro-reflectors are likewise to be regarded as a light signalling device.
Liveability impact area	The liveability impact area addresses the impacts of CCAM on the suitability or quality of living in the studied area(s) by analysing indicators from other impact areas to perform an integrated evaluation of their overall implications.
Living lab	Living lab refers to user-centered, open innovation ecosystems based on systematic user co-creation approach, integrating research and innovation processes in real-life communities and settings. They operate as intermediaries among citizens, research organisations, companies, cities and regions for joint value co-creation, rapid prototyping or validation to scale up innovation and businesses.
Location	Location is the particular place or position.
Location referencing	Location referencing is the process used to develop a spatial reference.
Location segment	Location segment corresponds to a location where any specific condition are met, usually during a specific time (but not necessarliy).
Logical scenario	Logical scenario is the scenario described with the inclusion of parameters, where the values of some of the parameters are defined as ranges.
Logistics	Logistics is the careful organization of a complicated activity so that it happens in a successful and effective way, with regard to CCAM it is often referring to logistics of goods.
Logistics impact area	The logistics impact area addresses how CCAM affects the efficiency, effectiveness, and adaptability of the logistics process. It examines how CCAM can change the freight transport, and material flows in supply chain processes.
Malfunctioning behaviour	Malfunctioning behaviour means a failure or unintended behaviour of a component or a system of the ADS with respect to its design intent.
Manoeuver-based feature	Manoeuver-based feature is a driving automation system feature equipped on a conventional vehicle.
Manoeuvre	Manoeuvre is the series of actions executed by an actor in order to achieve a specific goal or outcome.
Map provision system	Map provision system is the ITS map provision system support system that provides map databases used to support ITS services.
Measure	Measure refers to a number marked in standard unit, quantified in a numeric value and the specific unit.
Message	Message is a well-structured set of data elements and data frames that can be sent as a unit between devices to convey some semantic meaning in the context of pre-defined applications.
Metadata	Metadata is defined as ‘data that describe properties of other data, in the form of information about its origin, purpose, version, type of content, or any other information that may data storage, interpretation and reuse, consumption, or processing’.
Minimal risk condition	Minimal risk condition means stable and stopped state of the vehicle that reduces the risk of a crash.
Minimal risk manoeuvre	Minimal risk manoeuvre means a manoeuvre aimed at minimising risks in traffic by stopping the vehicle in a safe condition, for example, minimal risk conditions.
Mobility app	Mobility app is the ITS-S application implementation designed to assist an individual transport consumer in understanding transport-related information, making decisions, and/or acting upon decisions.
Mobility as a service	Mobility as a service is a concept envisioning integrated mobility where travelers can access multiple transportation modes over a single digital interface.
Model of responses and adaptations to safety measures	Model of responses and adaptations to safety measures refers to a model of responses and behaviour adaptations road-users may have to safety measures
Modelling	Modelling is the creation of a representation of a system or process for analyzing and predicting its behavior and attributes.
Monitor	Monitor is a general term describing a range of functions involving real-time human or machine sensing and processing of data used to operate a vehicle, or to support its operation.
Monitor the user	Monitor the user is the activities and/or automated routines designed to assess whether and to what degree the user is performing the role specified for him/her.
Moped	Moped is the two-wheeled or three-wheeled motor-driven vehicle with a maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km/h.
Motorcycle	Motorcycle refers to two-wheeled motor-driven vehicle, or three-wheeled motor-driven vehicle whose unladen weight does not exceed 800 kg, excluding mopeds as defined in ISO 3833.
Moving Off Information System	Moving Off Information System means a system to detect and inform the driver of the presence of pedestrians and cyclists (VRU) in the close-proximity forward blind-spot of the vehicle.
Multimodal travel information	Multimodal travel information is information derived from any static or dynamic travel and traffic data, or both, for users and end-users, through any communication means, covering at least two modes of transport and allowing the possibility to compare transport modes.
Navigation app	Navigation app is the mobility app that assists a transport user to determine the best route to a destination.
Navigation data dtandard	Navigation data dtandard is a worldwide standard for map data in autonomous eco-systems. The specification covers the data model, storage format, interfaces, and protocols.
Near-miss	Near-miss refers to an incident in which a security incident is narrowly avoided, either by chance or through deliberate action.
Network model	Network model is the infrastructure framework for the agreement between a service provider and a user.
Normal operation	Normal operation means the ADS operation within specified operational limits and conditions to perform the designed activity.
Object and event detection and response	Object and event detection and response refers to the subtasks of the Dynamic Driving Task that include monitoring the driving environment (detecting, recognizing, and classifying objects and events and preparing to respond as needed) and executing an appropriate response to such objects and events.
ODD attributes	ODD attributes refer to the attributes of an ODD of an ADS.
On-board operator	On-board operator means, where applicable to the Automated Driving System safety concept, a person located inside the fully automated vehicle.
On-board unit	An on-board unit is a vehicle mounted V2X device used to transmit and receive a variety of message traffic to and from other V2X devices (other OBUs and RSUs). Among the message types and applications supported by this process are vehicle safety messages used to exchange information on each vehicle’s dynamic movements for coordination and safety, a primary subject of this standard.
Operational design domain	Operating conditions under which a given driving automation system or feature thereof is specifically designed to function.
Operational domain	Operational domain is the set of operating conditions, including, but not limited to, environmental, geographical, and time-of-day restrictions, and/or the requisite presence or absence of certain traffic or roadway characteristics.
Operational driving task	Operational driving task refers to Dynamic Driving Task that involves split-second reactions that can be considered pre-cognitive or innate.
Operational functions of the DDT	Operational functions of the DDT means functions delivered over a time constant of milliseconds and which include tasks such as steering inputs to keep within a lane or braking to avoid an emerging hazard.
Operational safety	Operational safety means the absence of unreasonable risk under the occurrence of hazards resulting from functional insufficiencies of the intended functionality (e.g. false/missed detection), operational disturbances (e.g. environmental conditions like fog, rain, shadows, sunlight, infrastructure) or by reasonably foreseeable misuse/errors by the vehicle occupants and other road users (i.e. safety hazards – without system faults).
Operational services	Operational services refer to activities required for the ongoing and effective management of a system. In this contect it encompasses the development and implementation of services that support the deployment, maintenance, and optimization of automated vehicles and their associated technologies.
Ordinary driver	Ordinary driver is an individual who holds a licence granting them permission to drive on public roads, but does not have any additional driving qualifications or permits, such as racing licences, and does not drive or test vehicles as part of his/her work
Original case	Original case is a case which is picked directly from a data source without modifications. Remark: A case is equivalent to a concrete scenario. An original case is often taken from real world data.
Other ITS	Other ITS is the ITS implementations that are connected to each other via a communications networks, but do not require connections to the C-ITS environment in order to perform their normal functions, although they may connect to the C-ITS environment for the beneficial exchange of data.
Particulates	Particulates refer to obscuration by non-precipitating water droplets and other particulates.
Passenger	Passenger is a user in a vehicle who has no role in the operation of that vehicle.
Passenger car	Passenger car refers to vehicle designed and constructed primarily for the carriage of persons and their luggage, their goods, or both, having not more than a seating capacity of eight, in addition to the driver, and without space for standing passengers.
Passenger kilometres travelled	Passenger kilometres travelled refers to the total amount of travel realized by passengers on a road network over certain period.
Pedestrian	Pedestrian refers to person who is travelling on foot.
Peer-to-peer mobility sharing app	Peer-to-peer mobility sharing app is the mobility app that assists a transport user in acquiring transport service from an individual that participates in the mobility app’s network.
People mobility impact area	The people mobility impact area addresses how the CCAM system influences individuals’ potential and actual mobility choices by examining effects on availability, access, quality, suitability, and affordability of mobility options.
Performance indicator	Performance Indicator is a type of Indicator that assesses specific aspects related to the objectives of the study.
Pilot	Pilot refers to a project serving as an experimental or trial undertaking prior to full-scale operation or use.
Prescriptive cooperation	Prescriptive cooperation (CLASS D) refers to the direction of specific action(s) to specific traffic participants for imminent performance of the DDT or performance of a particular task by a road operator (e.g., changing traffic signal phase), provided by a prescribing CDA device agent(s) and adhered to by a receiving CDA device agent(s). (“I will do as directed.”)
Pre-simulation model	Pre-simulation model is a model that is part of the simulation framework outside of the simulation over time. Note: Such models are used to determine and set parameters for the in-simulation models.
Process	Process is the functional view process series of one or more functions in support of an ITS service.
Professional (test) driver	Professional (test) driver is an individual who drives vehicles as a profession, or as part of his/her day-to-day work, for remuneration, and has typically extensive driving experience. As part of his/her training, he/she has been trained to, for example, handle cars in critical situations. These drivers can be deployed to operate prototype vehicles undergoing road tests.
Projection of a Measure’s Performance over Time (abbr. Performance Projection)	Projection of a Measure’s Performance over Time refers to any technique aimed at inferring the future performance of a target measure based on past data and/or past performances of a set of measures (which may include the target measure). Data projection (e.g., building timelines for penetration / installation rates of measures in the fleet) might be required to feed the Performance projection process
Projection of Data over Time (abbr. Data Projection)	Projection of Data over Time refers to any technique aimed at inferring the future state of target data (e.g., building timelines for fleet size, fleet characteristics, or penetration/installation rates of measures in the fleet) from past states of a set of data (which may include the target data)
Prospective safety assessment framework (or simply framework)	Prospective safety assessment framework is a structured process for using simulation models and tools to predict the safety performance of a road safety measure
Proving ground	A proving ground is a predetermined area, designed to test various functions for ADS-equipped vehicles, and is a local testbed to pilot and validate.
Public road testing	Public road testing refers to open environment where ADS-equipped vehicle have interaction with other road users, like automated or non-automated vehicles.
Public transport	Public transport is the transport service that is publicly accessible enabling the movement of one or more persons. Example 1: Bus, tram, cable car, metro, train and ferry are examples of public transport means for collective use. Example 2: Publicly-accessible shared cars, shared bikes and shared el-scooters are examples of public transport means for shared and individual use.
Public transport app	Public transport app is the mobility app that assists a transport user in using a public transport system.
Quality-of-life impact area	The quality-of-life impact area addresses the holistic effects of the CCAM system on individuals’ physical, mental, social, and financial well-being.
Range	Range refers to the range of detection of a system.
Real-life operation	Real-life operation refer to application of a technology (e.g. automated vehicles) in the context of the actual environment they are designed to operate within.
Real-time traffic information	Real-time traffic information is information derived from any data on the infrastructure, data on regulations and restrictions, data on the state of the network and data on the real-time use of the network, or the combination thereof.
Real-time traveller information app	Real-time traveller information app is the mobility app that provides information about current travel conditions to a transport user.
Real-world data	Real-world data refers to data collected in a non-experimental, non-virtual situation
Rear View Camera System	Rear-View Camera system means any system intended to render an image of the outside world and give a clear view to the rear of the vehicle within the fields of vision by means of camera.
Record	A record, is a collection of all the facts, attribute values combined into one row of data in a table, and sometimes referred to as a tuple in some, particularly older, database management systems.
Reference point	A reference point is a complete set of values for latitude – longitude – and height above the reference ellipsoid which is used as an initial starting point for subsequent orthogonal offset X, Y, Z values from that point. All roadway geometry, maps of intersections, lane and curve descriptions, and other geometrical data that are encoded in this standard use a system of local reference points to index and offset the data that follows. Also called an anchor point.
Reference-driver models	Reference-driver model is a model that is used as a distinct safety target for safety assessment of higher levels of automation.
Remote assistant	Remote assistant is a human(s) who provides remote assistance to an ADS-equipped vehicle in driverless operation.
Remote capabilities	Remote capabilities mean capabilities specifically designed to support remote intervention.
Remote driver	Remote driver is the driver that performs the Dynamic Driving Task without using the vehicle’s built-in input devices to control the longitudinal and lateral movement of the vehicle.
Remote driving	Remote driving is the real-time performance of part or all of the DDT and/or DDT fallback (including, real-time braking, steering, acceleration, and transmission shifting), by a remote driver.
Remote fallback-ready user	Remote fallback-ready user is a fallback-ready user of a Level 3 ADS-equipped vehicle in driverless operation who is not in the driver’s seat.
Remote functionality	Remote functionality refers to the ability to control and monitor automated vehicles from a remote location. This functionality is necessary for safety, operational efficiency, and vehicle management if a driver is not seated in the vehicle.
Remote intervention operator	Remote intervention operator means, where applicable to the ADS safety concept, person(s) located outside the fully automated vehicle who may remotely achieve the tasks of the on-board operator provided it is safe to do so.
Remote operator	Remote operator is the person(s) located outside the vehicle who performs Remote driving.
Remote surveillance	Remote surveillance rrefers to the practice of monitoring and observing of vehicles with autonomous driving functions and their surroundings from a remote location using various technologies. This surveillance is typically performed to ensure the safety, security, data collection and proper functioning of the automated mobility system.
Research questions	Research question are the primary inquiries the study aims to answer.
Residual risk	Residual risk refers to risk remaining after the deployment of safety measures.
Response time	Response time refers to the time taken by a road user or a system to react to a given event.
Retrospective assessment	Retrospective assessment is an assessment of the performance of a deployed safety measure, based on comparing real-world data from equipped and non-equipped vehicles (for in-vehicle measures) or affected and unaffected territories (for measures related to infrastructure / regulations / behaviour).
Reverse Collision Warning System	Reverse Collision Warning System is an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) designed to alert a driver to potential collisions with objects, pedestrians, or other vehicles in the vehicle’s rear path while moving in reverse.
Rideshare service	Rideshare service refers to cooperative shared transport service that transports passengers concurrently.
Ridesourced service	Ridesourced service refers to the commercial, peer-to-peer shared transport service that transports passengers.
Ridesourcing app	Ridesourcing app is the P2P mobility sharing app for acquiring a ridesourced service.
Ridesplit service	Ridesplit service is the ridesourced service that serves passengers concurrently.
Risk	Risk is the combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm.
Risk factor	Risk factor is the factor or condition of a scenario that, if present, increases either the probability of the occurrence of harm, or the severity of harm, or both.
Road	Road is the curvilinear length of roadway that shares the same identification.
Road Illumination Device	Road illuminating device means a device designed to illuminate the road. Rear registration plate lamp and retro-reflectors are not to be regarded as a road illuminating device.
Road network	Road network is the interconnected collection of roads.
Road operator	Road operator refers to a traffic participant who provides, operates and maintains the roadways and supporting infrastructure that enable and support the mobility needs of road users.
Road reservation	Road reservation is the easement area legally reserved for road transport purposes and support.
Road safety-related minimum universal traffic information	Road safety-related minimum universal traffic information is any extracted, aggregated and processed road safety-related traffic data, offered by public and/or private road operators and/or service providers to end users through any delivery channel.
Road user	Road user is the something which uses a road to travel.
Road vehicle	Road vehicle is the vehicle meeting the requirements to operate within the driving space of a road.
Roadside	Roadside is the portion of the road reservation excluding all roadway and driving space(s).
Roadside unit	A roadside unit is a V2X device used to transmit to, and receive from, V2X-equipped moving vehicles (OBUs). The RSU transmits from a fixed position on the roadside (which may be either a permanent installation or “temporary” equipment brought on-site for a period of time associated with an incident, road construction, or other event). Some RSUs have the ability to transmit signals with greater power than OBUs and some may have connectivity to other nodes or the Internet.
Roadway	Roadway is part of the surface of the road reservation primarily designed for the movement of vehicles that conform to a specified set of requirements.
Roundabout	Roundabout is a special type of junction at which traffic moves in one direction round a central island to reach one of the roads converging on it.
Run-trial	Test Run-trial is a test instance that includes at least one test or driving scenario. It can be repeated within one experiment several times – also with slightly changing the setting (parameter, test person etc.). It is comparable to trip, but typically more commonly used in the context of test track, simulation or simulator test. In contrast, trip is often used in the context of pilot or NDS / FOT and typically includes more driving scenarios.
SAE taxonomy of driving automation	SAE taxonomy of driving automation describes the level of automation consisting of six discrete and mutually exclusive levels.
Safe state	Safe state is the operating mode, in case of a failure, of an item without an unreasonable level of risk.
Safety architecture	Safety architecture refers to the set of elements and their interaction to fulfil the safety requirements.
Safety assessment validation	Safety assessment validation refers to an evaluation of simulation results, demonstrating them to be credible, accurate, precise, and adequate for purpose with regard to the evaluation scope.
Safety driver	Safety driver is the person at the controls within an automated vehicle, observing the driving environment, enforcing the operational design domain (ODD), recognising challenging situations, detecting deviations from expected behaviour and ready and able to deliver the Dynamic Driving Task when needed in order to preserve safety during development, testing or trial activities, in accordance with the safety case.
Safety Features	A safety feature is an application of a vehicle’s hardware and software designed to mitigate or prevent collisions and other hazardous events. This feature operates within a defined scope to protect occupants, pedestrians, and other road users.
Safety measure	Safety measure refers to activity or technical solution to avoid or control systematic failures and to detect or control random hardware failures, or mitigate their harmful effects.
Safety measure	Safety measure is a measure intended to improve road safety, whether implemented as an in-vehicle technology, infrastructure measure, policy, or regulation / legislation.
Safety mechanism	Safety mechanism refers to technical solution implemented by electrical and/or electronic (E/E) functions or elements, or by other technologies, to detect and mitigate or tolerate faults or control or avoid failures in order to maintain intended functionality or achieve or maintain a safe state.
Safety of the intended functionality	Safety of the intended functionality is the absence of unreasonable risk due to hazards resulting from functional insufficiencies of the intended functionality or from reasonably foreseeable misuse by persons.
Safety operator	Safety operator refers to the person at the controls within an automated vehicle, observing the driving environment, enforcing the operational design domain, recognising challenging situations, detecting deviations from expected behaviour and ready and able to deliver the Dynamic Driving Task when needed in order to preserve safety during development, testing or trial activities, in accordance with the safety case.
Safety performance	Safety performance is the quantified capability of a safety measure to achieve an improvement in road traffic safety
Safety solution	A safety solution is equivalent to a safety measure
Safety validation	Safety validation refers to assurance, based on examination and tests, that the safety goals are adequate and have been achieved with a sufficient level of integrity.
Sample rate	Number of data samples per time unit.
Sampling	Sampling is the selection of a subset of datapoints from a statistical population (consisting of individuals or events of interests) to estimate characteristics of the population.
Sand box	Sand box generally refers to regulatory tools allowing to test (e.g. automated vehicles) and experiment with new and innovative products, services or businesses under supervision of a regulator for a limited period of time.
Scenario	A scenario is a structured depiction, specified by a set of pre-determined conditions and variables, representing actual or theoretical states, situations, or interactions.
Scenario	Scenario means a sequence or combination of situations used to assess the safety requirements for an ADS.
Scenario	Scenario is a sequence of scenes for the simulation, defined in terms of time and space. A scene is a snapshot that encompasses the mobile and immobile elements of the traffic, infrastructure, and environment (for example, weather and lighting conditions), as well as all actors and observers, and the relations between them.
Scenario instance	A scenario instance represents a single segment in time that is assigned to a certain scenario.
Scene	Scene is the snapshot of all entities including, but not limited to the Automated Driving System (ADS)/ subject vehicle, scenery, dynamic environment, and all actors and observer’s self-representations, and the relationships between those entities.
Scenery element	Scenery element is the non-movable element of the ADS-equipped vehicle’s operating environment.
Service	Service is the provision of one or more capabilities, functionalities or facilities to enable one or more tasks to fulfil a need.
Service scenario	Service scenarios describe a single CCAM service or a chain of transport services that CCAM is part of, such as logistics services, public transport services, and shared mobility services.
Services and operation impact area	The services and operation impact area addresses the impacts of CCAM on the business models and operation of vehicle fleets and transport services, as well as on the operation of traffic management of the network.
Severity	Estimate of the extent of harm to one or more individuals that can occur in a potentially hazardous event.
Shared mobility	Shared mobility is the shared use of a travel mode that provides travelers with access to a transportation mode on an as-needed basis.
Shared transport service	Shared transport service is the transport service that relies upon the same resources to fulfil the transport needs of multiple unrelated transport users and where the transport provider has the primary responsibility for the operation of the transport mode.
Shared vehicle service	Shared vehicle service is the transport service that sequentially provides the same vehicles to multiple unrelated transport users and where the transport user has the primary responsibility for the operation of the vehicle.
Shuttle service	Shuttle service is the shared transport service that transports passengers between two specified locations.
Sign	Sign refers to conveying information, an instruction, or a warning to road users.
Simulation	Simulation is evolution of a model of real-world processes or systems over time.
Simulation framework	Simulation framework is a theoretical sketch of all elements and their interactions necessary for the simulation.
Simulation model	A simulation model is a representation of a specific part / component of traffic (e.g., driver, vehicle, environment, sensor, safety measure) in a virtual environment designed for a specific assessment. Note: Simulation models typically have an input and output, so that different simulation models can be connected to each other.
Simulation structure	Within V4SAFETY, for simplicity as we are developing V4SAFETY framework, simulation structure would be equivalent to simulation framework.
Simulation tool	A simulation tool is software that allows the simulation of the whole simulation model or some of its sub-models. A simulation toolchain is a sequence of tools used for the simulation (and for combined pre- and in-simulation model execution); each tool takes the output of the previous tool(s) as input (initial/boundary conditions).
Situation	Situation is the scene from the perspective of an actor.
Situational variable	Situational variable is an aspect of surroundings (testing environment) that can unintentionally affect the results of a study.
Slope value	Slope value is the gradient of a surface that rises at an angle.
Small scale pilots	Small scale pilots refer to the limited, controlled, and experimental implementations conducted on a smaller scale before potential broader deployment or expansion. These pilots serve as preliminary tests to identify challenges, and gather valuable insights in a more manageable and controlled environment.
Societal scenario	Societal scenarios describe the broader societal context, including the envisioned CCAM system and its usage.
Socio-economic impact assessment	Socio-economic impact assessment addresses the economic and societal implications of CCAM, integrating and quantifying its diverse impacts as benefits and costs in order to assess its societal and economic value.
Software Update Management system	Software Update Management System means a systematic approach defining organizational processes and procedures to comply with the requirements for delivery of software updates according to this Regulation.
Spatial reference	Spatial reference is the description of a spatial location in the real world according to a defined reference system. Example: Coordinate tuple: 51.476852, -0.000500.
Special purpose vehicle	Special purpose vehicle is a road motor vehicle designed for purposes other than the carriage of passengers or goods.
Special structure	Special structure are the elements of the road infrastructure that may affect the mobility of the users.
Speed Control Function	Speed control function means a function that attempts to limit the speedometer speed to a stable speed at or below the perceived speed limit.
Speed Limit Information Function	Speed limit information function means a function that is comprised of the speed limit determination system that determines the perceived speed limit, and a human machine interface that communicates the perceived speed limit to the driver.
Speed Limit Warning Function	Speed limit warning function means a function that alerts the driver that the speedometer speed is exceeding the perceived speed limit.
Speed value	Speed value refers to the rate at which the dynamic objects move or operate.
Stakeholder	Stakeholder is the individual, team, organization, or classes thereof, having an interest in a system.
Station-based one-way	Station-based one-way is the operational mode where the transport service is initiated and terminated at two different facilities managed by the transport provider.
Station-based roundtrip	Station-based roundtrip is the operational mode where the transport service is initiated and terminated at the same facility managed by the transport provider.
Status-sharing cooperation	Status-sharing cooperation (CLASS A) refers to perception information about the traffic environment and information about the sending entity provided by the sending entity for potential utilization by receiving entities. (“Here I am, and here is what I see.”)
Streaming data	Streaming data refers to real-time data continuously transferred from a data source and processed as soon as it arrives its destination.
Structural metadata	Structural metadata describe how the data are organized.
Subject vehicle	Subject vehicle refers to the automated vehicle, the behaviour of which is of primary interest in testing, trialling or operational scenarios.
Subjective data	Subjective data originates from the opinions of the research subject.
Sub-trip feature	Sub-trip feature is a driving automation system feature equipped on a conventional vehicle that requires a human driver to perform the complete DDT for at least part of every trip.
Supporting CDA feature	Supporting CDA feature refers to a CDA feature capable of promoting cooperation among traffic participants intended to augment performance of actions by road users and road operators.
Sustainability impact area	The sustainability impact area addresses the implications of CCAM, assessing specifically the impacts on environmental integrity, social well-being, and economic vitality. It examines the capacity of CCAM to meet current needs, while not compromising resource and opportunity availability for future generations.
System architecture	System architecture is the fundamental concepts or properties of a system in its environment embodied in its elements, relationships ) and in the principles of its design and evolution.
Tactical driving task	Tactical driving task refers to Dynamic Driving Task which involves drivers or an ADS exercising manoeuvre control, allowing them to negotiate the directly prevailing circumstances.
Tactical functions of the DDT	Tactical functions of the DDT means functions delivered over a time constant of seconds and including tasks such as lane choice, gap acceptance and overtaking.
Takeover	Takeover is the process by which the sustained Dynamic Driving Task function transitions either from a human driver to an Automated Driving System or from an Automated Driving System to a human driver.
Takeover request	Takeover request is the vehicle generated notification to indicate an imminent requirement for the human driver to perform some or all of the Dynamic Driving Task.
Takeover time	Takeover time is the time between initiation of the takeover request and significant intentional intervention by the human driver.
Target operational domain	Target operational domain is the set of operating conditions in which an ADS will be expected to operate, including, but not limited to, environmental, geographical, and time-of-day restrictions, and/or the requisite presence or absence of certain traffic or roadway characteristics.
Target population	Target population refers to population which should be represented by an assessment. Example: A target population may be all people in the European Union.
Taxi hailing app	Taxi hailing app is the mobility app that assists a transport user in electronically requesting a taxi.
Taxi service	Taxi service is the commercial shared transport service that transports passengers sequentially.
Taxi share service	Taxi-share service is the commercial shared transport service that transports passengers concurrently.
Technical evaluation	Technical evaluation addresses the functioning of the software and hardware of a CCAM system.
Temporary structure	Elements temporarily placed on the road due to local requirements or accidents and may obstruct or impact normal driving.
Test	Test refers to the use of quantitative measures to evaluate a technology under a set of specified conditions, with reference to values that represent an acceptable outcome
Test case	A test case is a test scenario that also includes a description of the needed output (e.g., delta-V or TTC) on which the assessment is done, and any pass / fail criteria for a successful execution of the simulation.
Test run	A test run is a test instance that includes at least one test or driving scenario.
Test scenario	Test scenario is the description of sequence of triggers, events and actions among use case entities (ego-vehicle, other traffic participants, etc.) in order to reach a use case goal.
Test scenario	A test scenario is typically a simpler version of a concrete scenario, created for the assessment purpose.
Testing	Process of planning, preparing, and operating or exercising an item or element to verify that it satisfies specified requirements, to detect safety anomalies, to validate that requirements are suitable in the given context and to create confidence in its behaviour.
Testing environment	Testing environment is a setup of software, hardware and network for the testing purposes.
Testing facility	Testing facility refers to dedicated location or environment specifically designed for assessing the performance, safety, and functionality of (automated) vehicles.
Testing infrastructure	Testing infrastructure refers to the system, tools, and resources required to conduct comprehensive assessments and evaluations of (automated) vehicles.
The term itself. Only the first letter of first word is capitalized (even though the acronym is capitalized).	A concise – though whole – one sentence definition of the term, preferably starting with: “<TERM> is a…”.
Time history data	Time history data describe the history of a measurement over time.
Time segment	Time segment corresponds to a time period when some specific conditions are met.
Time to collision	Time to collision means the time before a collision happens between involved vehicles/objects/subjects if their speeds would not change and taking into account their paths.
Tonne-kilometres travelled	Tonne-kilometres travelled refers to the total amount of travel realized by goods on a road network over a certain period.
Traffic agent	Traffic agent is anyone who uses a road including sidewalk and other adjacent spaces.
Traffic density	Traffic density is the number of vehicles occupying a given length of a lane or roadway at a particular instant, often given in vehicles per kilometre.
Traffic dynamics	Traffic dynamics describes the interaction of many vehicles, drivers and other road users, leading to new collective effects that do not depend on the details of individuals. (Treiber and Kesting 2013). It is the outcome of individual decisions, actions, driving behaviour and driving dynamics.
Traffic flow efficiency impact area	The traffic flow efficiency impact area addresses the impacts of CCAM on collective traffic patterns, travel times and throughput on a road network.
Traffic flow rate	Flow rate is the number of vehicles or persons passing a given point per unit time.
Traffic participant	Traffic participant refers to the entities whose actions influence travel in the transportation environment, which may include road users engaged in travel upon or across publicly accessible roadways and road operators.
Traffic safety impact area	The traffic safety impact area addresses the impacts of CCAM on the number of accidents and injuries of different severities.
Traffic scenario	Traffic scenarios represent traffic characteristics and road infrastructure on specific road segments or networks. Vehicles in a traffic scenario are involved in different, non-predefined driving scenarios.
Traffic volume	Traffic volume is the total number of vehicles passing over a given point or section of a lane or roadway during a given time interval. Any time interval can be used, but volumes are typically expressed in terms of annual, daily, hourly, or subhourly periods.
Transit vehicle	Transit vehicle is an equipped vehicle engaged in Transit operations, e.g., a bus.
Transport activity and fleet composition impact area	The transport activity and fleet composition impact area addresses the impacts of CCAM on the total amount of realised travel and transport as well as on the number and types of vehicles used.
Transport poverty	Transport poverty refers to a lack of adequate transport services necessary to access general services and work, or to the inability to pay for these transport services.
Transport service operator	Transport service operator means the entity providing a transport service using one or more fully automated vehicles.
Transport sharing	Transport sharing is the using a shared transport service.
Transport system	Transport system is a combination of elements and their interactions, which produce the demand for travel within a given area and the supply of transportation services to satisfy this demand.
Travel behaviour	Travel behaviour is the trips performed by an individual or a group of travellers, and what kind of trips they were and how they were performed. Such characteristics include, for example, the origins, destinations, routes, durations, timing and travel modes of trips.
Travel information service	Travel information service is an ITS service, including digital maps, that provides users, and end-users, with travel and traffic information of at least one transport mode.
Traveller	Traveller is the person who is headed to a destination.
Treatment	Treatment refers to the concept that you evaluate (CCAM solution in defined environment/context).
Treatment	Treatment refers to the use of at least one specific safety measure to affect the course of events in a scenario in order to avoid or mitigate safety-relevant situations, when prospectively assessing a technology’s performance
Treatment simulation	Treatment simulation is the specific simulation solution of technology applied during a prospective assessment. Treatment simulations provide data on the performance of the safety solution under assessment for comparison with baseline data.
Trial	Trial refers to a test or experiment, usually over a limited period of time, to discover how effevtive or suitable something is or how well it works.
Trigger	Trigger is the event that initiates or ends an action.
Triggering condition	Specific conditions of a driving scenario that serve as an initiator for a subsequent system reaction possibly leading to a hazardous event.
Trip	Trip is the complete journey by a vehicle from the point of origin to a destination.
Trip	A trip is a whole journey from passenger origin to passenger destination in one or more triplegs.
Trip aggregator app	Trip aggregator app is the mobility app that assists a transport user in planning trips that may span multiple vehicle modes or transport providers.
Tripleg	A tripleg is a single stage of a trip that is made without change of mode or vehicle journey, for example, between each transfer.
Truck	Truck is a motor vehicle designed to transport goods, or equipment on-board the chassis.
Tyre Pressure Monitoring System	Tyre Pressure Monitoring System means a system fitted on a vehicle, able to perform a function to evaluate the inflation pressure of the tyres or the variation of this inflation pressure over time and to transmit corresponding information to the user while the vehicle is running.
Un-equipped vehicle	Un-equipped vehicle is a vehicle which is not equipped with an OBU device.
Unit tests	A unit test is implemented software test to check whether an isolated component or section of code works as intended.
Unreasonable risk	Unreasonable risk means the overall level of risk for the vehicle occupants and other road users which is increased compared to a manually driven vehicle in comparable transportation services and situations within the operational design domain (ODD).
Use case	Use case is the abstract description of the interaction between a system, its user(s), and its environment in order to reach a particular goal.
Use case	A use case is a combination of the assessed scenario and the safety measure.
User	User is a general term referencing the human role in driving automation.
User behaviour scenario	User behaviour scenarios describe the direct or indirect interaction between different users and the CCAM system.
User evaluation	User evaluation addresses the interaction of people with the CCAM system: their opinions, expectations, and awareness of the technology, and how they use it.
User scenario	User scenarios describe population segments and their state related to CCAM, such as mobility behaviour, attitudes, and socio-demographic characteristics.
Validation	Validation means by which it is proven beyond reasonable doubt that an end product meets its design intent and stated performance requirements.
Validation	Validation is the process of assessing whether a system, model, or simulation accurately represents the real world and meets its intended purpose by comparing its outputs to real-world data or predefined criteria
Vehicle	Vehicle refers to motorized, wheeled conveyance that is mechanically propelled and intended or adapted for use on roads.
Vehicle kilometres travelled	Vehicle kilometres travelled refers to the total amount of travel realized by motorized vehicles on a road network over certain period.
Vehicle Management Features	Vehicle Management Features refer to the systems and processes that ensure the safety, security, and functionality of vehicles throughout their entire lifecycle. This is a holistic approach that goes beyond just the physical car and includes the digital infrastructure that makes CCAM possible.
Vehicle occupant	Vehicle occupant is the person in or on a vehicle.
Vehicle sharing	Vehicle sharing is the using a shared vehicle service.
Vehicle type with regard to the ADS	Vehicle type with regard to the ADS means fully automated vehicles which do not differ.
Vehicle user	Vehicle user means a person operating or driving the vehicle, a vehicle owner, an authorised representative or employee of a fleet manager, an authorised representative or employee of the vehicle manufacturer, or an authorized technician.
Vehicle-to-everything	Vehicle-to-everything refers to wireless communication between a vehicle and any entity including other vehicles and infrastructure
Vehicle-to-grid	Vehicle-to-grid is the plug-in electric vehicle interaction with the electric grid, including charging as well as discharging and bi-directional communication interface.
Vehicle-to-infrastructure	Vehicle-to-infrastructure is unidirectional or bidirectional sharing of data between vehicle and infrastructure.
Vehicle-to-network	Vehicle-to-network is vehicle sharing data with Network.
Vehicle-to-pedestrian	Vehicle-to-pedestrian is vehicle sharing data with pedestrians.
Vehicle-to-vehicle	Vehicle-to-vehicle is vehicle sharing data with other vehicles.
Verification	Verification refers to evaluation of a system to prove that it meets all its specifications at a particular stage of its development.
Verification	Confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that (internal) requirements of the safety performance assessment process have been fulfilled.
Vulnerable Road User	Road user who is more vulnerable to injury than a typical driver or passenger of a car, lorry, bus, or coach.
Vulnerable Road User	Pedestrians, cyclists, and powered two wheeler users (including e-scooters and mobility scooters)
Weather	Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as regards heat, cloudiness, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc.
Well-being	Well-being is fitness and the ability to perform everyday tasks, positively experienced mental states and the perception of being able to reach goals, meaningful and supportive relationships and a sense of belonging, and sufficient financial assets or purchasing power to meet personal needs.
Wizard of OZ experiment	A Wizard of Oz experiment is a research experiment in which subjects interact with a computer system that subjects believe to be autonomous, but which is actually being operated or partially operated by an unseen human being.
Zones	Zones include special road configurations which may differ from typical conditions for driving, or areas with specific driving regulations or environmental conditions.